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Harrison College of Pharmacy

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Surachat Ngorsuraches

Surachat Ngorsuraches

Professor
Unit: Health Outcomes Research and Policy
Auburn University
Harrison College of Pharmacy
4306a Walker Building
Auburn, AL 36849
Email: surachat@auburn.edu
Phone: 334-844-8357
Fax: 334-844-8307


Bio

Education:

  • B.Sc., Pharmacy - Prince of Songkla University (Thailand), 1992
  • M.S., Social and Administrative Pharmacy - Wisconsin, 1999
  • Ph.D., Social and Administrative Pharmacy - Wisconsin, 2002

Curriculum Vitae


Research Interests:

  • Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy

Surachat Ngorsuraches, Ph.D. joined the Harrison College of Pharmacy in July, 2018 and is a Professor in the Department of Health Outcomes Research and Policy. Dr. Ngorsuraches is a pharmacist by training. He completed both his masters and doctoral degrees in social and administrative pharmacy from the School of Pharmacy at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Dr. Ngorsuraches has applied discrete choice experiment (DCE) to examine health preference as a part of patient-centered value assessment for more than a decade. He has worked with researchers at several academic institutions in the US and Canada to conduct DCE studies. Also, he has direct experience engaging patients and caregivers in patient-centered outcomes research. He has more than 20 years of experiences in teaching, conducting research and leading administrative and research teams locally and globally.

He has been the principal investigator of several funded research projects and the authors of over 100 peer-reviewed abstracts and publications. Ngorsuraches received multiple research grants and contracts from various agencies including the National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS), Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) Foundation, Bristol Myers Squibb (BMS), and Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI).

Ngorsuraches has engaged patients with MS and their family members for seven states in patient- centered outcomes research. He won two value assessment challenge awards from PhRMA Foundation. He has been an active member of International Society of Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) and served in various leadership roles, including chair of Asia consortium. He has served iConquerMS in various capacities. Recently, he coordinated “Chat with Chat”, a webinar that allow researchers to share their research results with the iConquerMS community.


Funded Research

Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI)
2024-2025
Stakeholder convening around PCOR/CER for fatigue management for patients with multiple sclerosis
Role: Principle Investigator
Total project funding awarded: $100,000

Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI)
2024-2026
Improving access to healthcare for Korean immigrants with limited English proficiency
Role: Co-investigator
Total project funding awarded: $245,490

PhRMA Foundation
2024-2027
Using patient-centered multicriteria decision analysis to assess the value of multiple sclerosis treatments: Voices from the Deep South states
Role: Principal investigator
Total project funding awarded: $500,000

National Institutes of Health (NIH)
2023-2025
Developing explainable machine learning and computational methods for identifying geographic and racial disparities in end-stage renal disease
Role: Co-Principal investigator
Total project funding awarded: $1,091,316

PhRMA Foundation
2023-2024
Incorporating equity and efficiency considerations in a preference-based value assessment
Role: Principle investigator (at Auburn University)
Total project funding awarded: $100,000

Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Inc.
2023-2024
Patients’ preferences for NAFLD/NASH tests
Role: Principle investigator (at Auburn University)
Total project funding awarded: $136,926

Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI)
2023-2024
Engaging African American women in the South in patient-centered maternal health research
Role: Co-investigator (at Auburn University)
Total project funding awarded: $249,322

Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI)
2022-2024
Engaging and training stakeholders to participate in patient-centered research to reduce obesity in Hispanic women
Role: Co-investigator (at Auburn University)
Total project funding awarded: $248,958

Bristol-Myers Squibb
2022-2023
Value of innovation for multiple myeloma treatments
Role: Co-principle investigator (at Auburn University)
Total project funding awarded: $124,674

Canadian Institutes of Health Research
2021
Understanding preferences for substance use health services for problematic alcohol use during the COVID-19 pandemic
Role: Co-investigator (at Auburn University)
Total project funding awarded: CA$262,235

PhRMA Collaborative Actions to Reach Equity (CAREs)
2021-2022
Barriers to COVID-19 vaccination in the Black Belt region
Role: Co-investigator (at Auburn University)
Total project funding awarded: $37,500

Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI)
2020-2022
Engaging patients and families in the Deep South in patient-centered multiple sclerosis research
Role: Principle investigator
Total project funding awarded: $247,094

PhRMA Foundation
Measuring the value of fear of contagion in COVID-19 care
2020
Role: Principle investigator
Total project funding awarded: $100,000

PhRMA Foundation
Understanding patient cost sharing thresholds for high and low value care towards development of a value-based formulary
2020
Role: Co-investigator
Total project funding awarded: $100,000

PhRMA Foundation
Psychosocial factors affecting genetic testing decisions in cancer
2020
Role: Co-investigator
Total project funding awarded: $100,000

Bristol-Myers Squibb
Value of innovation: Phase I
2020
Role: Site-investigator (at Auburn University)
Total project funding awarded: $68,250

Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute
2017-2019
Engaging patients and their family members in patient-centered multiple sclerosis research
Role: Principle investigator
Total project funding awarded: $246,422

Sanford Health
2017
Patient engagement in the management of multiple chronic conditions
Role: Principle investigator
Total project funding awarded: $1,000

National Multiple Sclerosis Society
2016-2017
Examining the cost-escalation and patient valuation of disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis
Role: Principle investigator
Total project funding awarded: $117,878.20

Bristol-Myers Squibb
2015-2016
Understanding the current and potential impact of patient interaction toward personalized treatment pathways in melanoma
Role: Co-investigator
Total project funding awarded: $5,000 (South Dakota State University subcontract)


Selected Publications

  1. Genie MG, Poudel N, Paolucci F, Ngorsuraches S. Choice consistency in discrete choice experiments: Does numeracy skill matter? Value Health (In press)
  2. Ngorsuraches S, Lai TC, Habermann R, Wheeler Y, Meador W. Using a Patient-centered multicriteria decision analysis to assess the value of multiple sclerosis treatments in the US—A study protocol. Pharmacoecon Open. 2024;8:773-781.
  3. Dykes EM, Zaid G, Ngorsuraches S, Meador W. Descriptive analysis of health disparities between Black and White persons with multiple sclerosis in the Deep South. Int J MS Care. 2024;26:167-173.
  4. Fahim SM, Westrick SC, Qian J, Ngorsuraches S, Alexander C, Braxton Loyd K, Hohmann NS. A survey on awareness, knowledge, and preferences toward genetic testing among the United States general public. Per Med. 2024;21:117-129.
  5. Poudel N, Ngorsuraches S. Using a patient-centered value assessment to optimize fair prices for Inflation Reduction Act's Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2024;30:241-146.
  6. Khatiwada AP, Gebremariam AG, Genie MG, Lai T, Poudel N, Ngorsuraches S. Vaccines or lockdowns? Relative effectiveness of vaccination and non-pharmaceutical interventions on health and non-health outcomes in the US. Health Policy Technol. 2024;13:100792.
  7. Fahim SM, Alexander CSW, Qian J, Ngorsuraches S, Hohmann NS, Lloyd KB, Reagan A, Hart L, McCormick N, Westrick SC. Current published evidence on barriers and proposed strategies for genetic testing implementation in health care settings: A scoping review. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2023;63:998-1016.
  8. Poudel N, Ngorsuraches S. A preference-based value assessment of the fear of COVID-19 contagion. Patient Preference and Adherence (In press).
  9. Khatiwada AP, Gebremariam AG, Genie MG, Lai T, Poudel N, Ngorsuraches S. Vaccines or lockdowns? Relative effectiveness of vaccination and non-pharmaceutical interventions on health and non-health outcomes in the US. Health Policy Technol. (In press)
  10. Wolfe DM, Hutton B, Corace K, Chaiyakunapruk N, Ngorsuraches S, Nochaiwong S, Presseau J, Grant A, Dowson M, Palumbo A, Suschinsky K, Skidmore B, Bartram M, Garner G, Digioacchino L, Pump A, Peters B, Konefal S, Eves AP, Thavorn.K. Service-level barriers to and facilitators of accessibility to treatment for problematic alcohol use: A scoping review. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1296239.
  11. Luksameesate P, Tanavalee A, Ngorsuraches S, Taychakhoonavudh S. Using a discrete choice experiment to elicit patients’ preferences and willingness-to-pay for knee osteoarthritis treatments in Thailand. Sci Rep. 2023;13:12154.
  12. Yang H, Poudel N, Simpson S, Chou CE, Ngorsuraches S. Important barriers to COVID-19 vaccination among African Americans in Black Belt region. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities (accepted for publication)
  13. Panchal R, Nguyen D, Ghule P, Li N, Giannouchos T, Pan RJ, Biskupiak J, Britton L, Nohavec R, Slager S, Ngorsuraches S, Brixner D. Understanding patient cost-sharing thresholds for diabetes treatment attributes via a discrete choice experiment. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2023;29:139-150.
  14. Banjara B, Poudel N, Garza KB, Westrick S, Whitley HP, Redden D, Ngorsuraches S. Patients’ preferences for sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2022;16:3415-3428.
  15. Tempest A, Veettil SK, Maharajan MK, Earl JC, Ngorsuraches S, Chaiyakunapruk N. Genetic biomarkers in multiple sclerosis: An umbrella review of meta-analyses of observational studies. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2022;63:103834.
  16. Bebo B, Cintina I, LaRocca N, Ritter L, Talente B, Hartung D, Ngorsuraches S, Wallin M, Yang G. The economic burden of multiple sclerosis in the U.S.: Estimate of direct and indirect costs. Neurology.2022;98:e1810-e1817.
  17. Li C, Chen L, Chou C, Ngorsuraches S, Qian J. Using machine learning approaches to predict short-term risk of cardiotoxicity among patients with colorectal cancer after starting fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy. Cardiovasc. Toxicol. 2022;22:130-140.
  18. Muadthong S, Kessomboon N, Kitajima T, Muangyim K, Ngorsuraches S, Kessomboon P. Preferences of Thai head pharmacists for pharmacy technician education: Certification versus Bachelor’s degree program. The Thai Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2022;46:99-107.
  19. Wolfe D, Hutton B, Corace K, Chaiyakunapruk N, Ngorsuraches S, Nochaiwong S, Presseau J, Grant A, Suschinsky K, Skidmore B, Bartram M, Cohen K, Garner G, DiGioacchino L, Pump A, Peters B, Konefal S, Porath A, Thavorn K. Service-level barriers to and facilitators of access to services for the treatment of alcohol use disorder and problematic alcohol use: Protocol for a scoping review. BMJ Open. 2022;12:e064578.
  20. Syeed MS, Poudel N, Ngorsuraches S, Diaz J, Chaiyakunapruk N. Measurement and valuation of the attributes of innovation of healthcare technologies: A systematic review. J Med Econ. 2022;25:1176-1184.
  21. Syeed MS, Poudel N, Ngorsuraches S, Veettil SK, Chaiyakunapruk N. Characterizing attributes of innovation of technologies for healthcare: A systematic review. J Med Econ. 2022;25:1158-1166.
  22. Sadoyu S, Tanni KA, Punrum N, Paengtrai S, Katrgaew W, Promchit N, Lai NM, Thakkinstian A, Ngorsuraches S, Bangpan M, Veettil S, Chaiyakunapruk N. Methodological approaches for assessing certainty of the evidence in umbrella reviews: A scoping review. PLoS. 2022;8:e0269009.
  23. Vass C, Boeri M, Karim S, Marshall D, Craig B, Ho KA, Mott D, Ngorsuraches S, Badawy SM, Muhlbacher A, Gonzalez JM, Heidenreich S. Accounting for preference heterogeneity in discrete-choice experiments: A review of the state of practice. Value Health. 2022;25:685-694.
  24. Poudel N, Fahim SM, Qian J, Garza K, Chaiyakunapruk N, Ngorsuraches S. Methodological similarities and variations among EQ-5D-5L value set studies: A systematic review. J Med Econ. 2022;25:571-582.
  25. Sadoyu S, Tanni KA, Punrum N, Paengtrai S, Kategaew W, Promchit N, Lai NM, Thakkinstian A, Ngorsuraches S, Bangpan M, Veettil S, Chaiyakunapruk N. Methodological approaches for assessing certainty of the evidence in umbrella reviews: A scoping review. PLoS One. 2022;17:e0269009.
  26. Li C, Ngorsuraches S, Chou C, Chen L, Qian J. Risk factors of fluoropyrimidine induced cardiotoxicity among cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2021;162:103346.
  27. Poudel N, Banjara B, Kamau S, Frost N, Ngorsuraches S. Factors influencing patients’ willingness-to-pay for disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2021;48:102720.
  28. Hohmann N, Hastings T, Jeminiwa R, Qian J, Hansen R, Ngorsuraches S, Garza K. Patient preferences for medication adherence financial incentive structures: A discrete choice experiment. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2021;17:1800-1809.
  29. Ngorsuraches S. Using latent class and quantum models to value equity in health care: A tale of 2 stories. J Manag Spec Pharm. 2021;27(9-1 Suppl):S14-S18.
  30. Hawkins-Taylor C, Ngorsuraches S, Frost N, Sage S, Anderson H. Patients and partners in research: Patient and caregiver perceptions of research engagement and the role of their psychosocial states in participation. J Patient Exp. 2021;8:23743735211018084.
  31. Ngorsuraches S, Poudel N. Incorporating patients’ preferences in the value assessment of disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis: A narrative review. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2021;21:183-195.
  32. Phisalprapa P, Ngorsuraches S, Wanishayakorn T, Kositamongkol C, Supakankunti S, Chaiyakunapruk N. Estimating the preferences and willingness-to-pay for colorectal cancer screening: An opportunity to incorporate the perspective of population at risk into policy development in Thailand. J Med Econ. 2021;24:226-233.
  33. Ngorsuraches S, Michael S, Poudel N, Djira G, Griese E, Selya A, Rosa P. Using electronic medical records and health claim data to develop a patient engagement score for patients with multiple chronic conditions: An exploratory study. J Patient Exp. 2021;8:2374373520981480
  34. Teoh SL, Ngorsuraches S, Lai NM, Chaiyakunapruk N, Consumer preferences and willingness to pay for nutraceuticals: A discrete choice experiment. Value Health Reg Issues. 2021;24:167-172.
  35. Davis B, Qian J, Ngorsuraches S, Jeminiwa R, Garza KB. The clinical impact of pharmacist services on mental health collaborative teams: A systematic review. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2020;60(5S):S44-S53.
  36. Fahim SM, Ngorsuraches S. Did citizen petitions prolong the number of approval days of generic drugs? Res Social Adm Pharm. 2020;16:1282-1284.
  37. Teoh SL, Ngorsuraches S, Chaiyakunapruk N. Factors influencing consumers’ decision on the use of nutraceuticals: A focus group study in Malaysian population. Arch Pharma Pract. 2020;11:19-27.
  38. Potter A, Beck B, Ngorsuraches S. Tbo-filgrastim versus filgrastim for stem cell mobilization and engraftment in autologous hematipoietic stem cell transplant patients: A retrospective review. J Oncol Pharm Practice. 2020;26:23-28.
  39. Frost N, Freeman J, Brixner D, Mort J, Clem J, Ngorsuraches S. Patients’ preferences and willingness-to-pay for disease-modifying therapies. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2019;35:55-60.
  40. Ngorsuraches S. 30th Anniversary of pharmaceutical care defined: Shall we reconsider its outcomes? Res Social Adm Pharm. 2019;15:1185-1186.
  41. Stenehjem DD, Au T, Ngorsuraches S, Ma J, Bauer H, Wanishayakorn T, Nelson RS, Pfeiffer CM, Schwartz J, Korytowsky B, Oderda G, Brixner D. Immuno-targeted therapy in melanoma: Patient, provider preferences, and willingness to pay at an academic cancer center. Melanoma Res. 2019;29:626-634.
  42. Teoh SL, Ngorsuraches S, Lai NM, Bangpan M, Chaiyakunapruk N. Factors affecting consumers’ decisions on the use of nutraceuticals: A Systematic Review. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2019;70:491-512.
  43. Tanvejsilp P, Taychakhoonavudh S, Chaikledkaew U, Chiyakunapruk N, Ngorsuraches S. Revisit roles of HTA on drug policy in universal health coverage in Thailand: Where are we? And What is next? Value Health Reg Issues. 2019;18:78-82.
  44. Kido K, Ngorsuraches S. Comparing efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulations with warfarin in the mobidly obese population with atrial fibrillation. Ann Pharmacother. 2019;53(2):165-170.
  45. Kotschevar CM, Ngorsuraches S, Bott-Knutson RC. The value of honors: A study of alumni perspectives on skills gained through honors education. Journal of the National Collegiate Honors Council. 2018;19(2):137-155.
  46. Heiberger AL, Ngorsuraches S, Olgun G, Luze L, Leimbach C, Madison H, Lakhani SA. Safety and effectiveness of continuous ketamine infusion for sedation in mechanically ventilated pediatric patients. Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2018;23:447-454.
  47. Hansen DJ, Hemachand T, Jensen-Bender W, Meyer B, Ngorsuraches S. Evaluating student performance and perception of a workshop integrating pharmacy practice and a pharmaceutics lab. Innov Pharm. 2018;9(3): Article 7.
  48. Lebahn KK, Waybright RA, Ngorsuraches S, Johnson TJ. Role of Bedside Preparation in reducing “Door-to-Needle” tissue-type plasminogen activator (Alteplase) administration times and association with patient outcomes. S D Med. 2018;71(9):416-421.
  49. Ngorsuraches S. Value-based pricing of disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis: Is this mission possible? SD Med. 2018;71(3):134-135.
  50. Anderson SM, Beck B, Sterud S, Lockhorst R, Ngorsuraches S. Evaluation the use of appropriate anticoagulation with lenalidomide and pomalidomide in patients with multiple myeloma. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2018 Jan 1:1078155218758500. doi: 10.1177/1078155218758500.
  51. Ngorsuraches S, Chaiyakunapruk N, Guo JJ, Yang B. Is it time for joint HTA in Asia? Opportunities and challenges. Value Health Reg Issues. 2017;12:99-100.
  52. Meyer BA, Seefeldt TM, Ngorsuraches S, Hendrickx LD, Lubeck PM, Farver, DK, Heins JR. Interprofessional education in pharmacology using high-fidelity simulation. Curr Pharm Teach Learn. 2017;9(6):1055-1062.
  53. Ngorsuraches S, Mort JR. The value of subsidies of health plans and cost sharing for prescription drugs in health insurance marketplace. Am Health Drug Benefits. 2016;9(7):368-377.
  54. Sruamsiri R, Wagner AK, Ross-Degnan D, Lu CY, Dhippayom T, Ngorsuraches S, Chaiyakunapruk N. Expanding access to high-cost medicines through the E2 access program in Thailand: Effects on utilization, health outcomes and cost using an interrupted time-series analysis. BMJ Open. 2016;6(3):e008671. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008671
  55. Wanishayakorn T, Sornlertlumvanich K, Ngorsuraches S. Benefit-risk assessment of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (Statins): A discrete choice experiment. BMJ Open. 2016;6(2):e009387. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009387.
  56. Wanishayakorn T, Ngorsuraches S. Benefit-risk assessment of statins (Lipid lowering agents): A multi-criteria decision analysis. Journal of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis. 2016;23:28-39.doi:10.1002/mcda.1554.
  57. Ngorsuraches S, Thongkeaw K. Patients’ preferences and willingness-to-pay for postmenopausal hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer treatments after failure of standard treatments. SpringerPlus. 2015;4:674. doi:10.1186/s50064-015-1482-9.
  58. Nimdet K, Ngorsuraches S. Willingness to pay per quality-adjusted life year for life-saving treatments in Thailand. BMJ Open. 2015;5(10):e008123. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008123.
  59. Chancheochai S, Sakulbumrungsil R, Ngorsuraches S. Preference on medication therapy management (MTM) service: results from discrete choice experiment. The Thai Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2015;39(3):119-126.
  60. Ngorsuraches S. Methods for benefit and risk assessment of drugs. SD J Med. 2015;68(8):363, 365.
  61. Ngorsuraches S, Nawanukool K, Petcharamanee K, Poopantrakool U. Patients’ preferences and willingness-to-pay for human papilloma virus vaccines in Thailand. J Pharm Policy Pract, 2015;8(1):20.doi: 10.1186/s40545-015-0040-8
  62. Ngorsuraches S, Chaiyakan K. Equitable prices of single-source drugs in Thailand. Appl Health Econ Health Policy. 2015;13(4):389-397.
  63. Nimdet K, Chaiyakunapruk N, Vichansavakul K, Ngorsuraches S. A systematic review of studies eliciting willingness-to-pay per quality-adjusted life year: Does it justify CE threshold? PLoS One. 2015;10(4):e0122760.
  64. Tanvejsilp P, Ngorsuraches S. Defining the scope of health technology assessment and types of health economic evaluation. J Med Assoc Thai. 2014;97(Suppl.5): S10-S16.
  65. Li H, Ngorsuraches S. Revisit what is next for pharmacoeconomics and outcomes research in Asia. Value Health Reg Issues. 2014;3:1-4.
  66. Ngorsuraches S, Wanishayakorn T, Tanvejsilp P, Udomaksorn S. Relative importance of attributes of drug benefit plans: Thai civil servants’ perspective. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2013;9(6):731-740.
  67. Ngorsuraches S, Meng W, Kim BY, Kulsomboon V. Drug reimbursement decision-making in Thailand, China, and South Korea. Value Health. 2012;15(Suppl 1):S120-S125.
  68. Zhang XH, Jin J, Ngorsuraches S, Li SC. Development and validation of a scale to measure patients’ trust in pharmacists in Singapore. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2009;3(3):1-7.
  69. Ngorsuraches S, Lerkiatbundit S, Li SC, Treesak C, Sirithorn R, Korwiwattanakarn M. Development and validation of the patient trust in community pharmacists (TRUST-Ph) scale: Results from a study conducted in Thailand. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2008;4(3):272-283.
  70. Ngorsuraches S. Defining types of economic evaluation. J Med Assoc Thai. 2008;91(Suppl.2): S21-S27.
  71. Ngorsuraches S, Li SC. Thai pharmacists' understanding, attitudes, and perceived barriers related to the provision of pharmaceutical care. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2006;63(1): 2144-2150.
  72. Ngorsuraches S, Sornlertlumvanich A. Determinants of hospital loss in thailand: experience from the first year of a universal coverage health insurance program. Health Care Manag Sci. 2006;9:59-70.
  73. Ngorsuraches S, Saichon S. Factors affecting bargaining power of drug-purchasing groups in public hospitals in Thailand.  Songklanagarind Medical Journal. 2005;2:93-98.
  74. Ngorsuraches S, Chaiboo B. Pharmacist compensation survey in Thailand.  Thai Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2004;28:125-134.
  75. Wongpoowarak P, Wanakamanee U, Panpongtham K, Trisdikoon P, Wongpoowarak W, Ngorsuraches S.  Unused medications at home-reasons and costs. Int J Pharm Pract. 2004;12:141-148.

Last Updated: October 15, 2024